Study of the damping behaviour in samples consisting of iron electro-deposited on copper in an ionic liquid. - In: Journal of alloys and compounds, ISSN 1873-4669, Bd. 918 (2022), 165462
Copper-iron alloys were produced at room temperature by means of electrodeposition of iron on a copper substrate in an ionic liquid (1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium trifluoromethylsulfonate [Py1,4]TfO). Samples with different electrodeposition times were studied using mechanical spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, light microscopy and magnetic loops techniques. Independent of the electrodeposition time the electrodeposition process leads to the promotion of a thin layer of iron onto the copper surface without iron diffusion into the substrate. The damping spectra for electrosposited samples in the as-electrodeposited state show the characteristic low and intermediate grain boundary damping peaks from copper as well as the solvent grain boundary damping peak from the electrodeposited iron. Thermal annealing at temperatures near 973 K leads to the appearance of Fe particles at the interface between the copper and iron (Cu + α-Fe phase) leading to a new damping peak at around 680 K whose driving force is the diffusion of copper atoms around the second phase particles.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2022.165462
Photo-thermoelectric conversion and photo-induced thermal imaging using 2D/3D ReS2carbon framework with enhanced photon harvesting. - In: The chemical engineering journal, ISSN 1873-3212, Bd. 446 (2022), 137084
Solar energy is a promising renewable energy with the potential for the sustainable development of the world. Efficient photo-thermal conversion is essential for harvesting and conversion of solar energy, therefore, the main challenge is the development of efficient and low-cost photothermal conversion materials. Carbon framework can be considered as a candidate but somehow its application potential can be still constrained due to the limited absorption of near-infrared (NIR) light. Herein, we propose a general strategy for preparing two-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenides nanosheets and three-dimensional (3D) carbon framework composites (2D/3D ReS2C) as a photothermal material, which has an excellent broadband light absorption performance (in the wavelength range from 200 to 2500 nm). A small thermoelectric (TE) module with an area of 4 × 4 cm2 is integrated with annealed ReS2@C as a light absorber for the investigation of photo-thermoelectric conversion. The open-circuit voltage of the assembled device increases clearly under solar illumination and reaches the maximum value of 136.3 mV, which is ∼ five times larger than that without the absorber. In addition, 20 TE modules coated with ReS2@C absorber layers are connected in series, which can produce a maximum open-circuit voltage of 2.12 V (∼66.25 V/m2) to light up a red light-emitting diode (LED) under natural sunlight. Moreover, the annealed ReS2@C powder demonstrates a rapid and strong photothermal response under NIR light (wavelength ＞800 nm), which indicates a great application potential in photothermal imaging and photothermal cancer therapy.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2022.137084
Localized direct material removal and deposition by nanoscale field emission scanning probes. - In: Micro and nano engineering, ISSN 2590-0072, Bd. 16 (2022), 100146, S. 1-5
The manufactory of advanced micro- and nanoscale devices relies on capable patterning strategies. Focused electron beams, as for instance implemented since long in electron beam lithography and electron beam induced deposition, are in this regard key enabling tools especially at the early stages of device development and research. We show here that nanoscale field emission scanning probes can be potentially utilized as well for a prospective direct device fabrication by localized material deposition but notably, also by localized material removal. Field emission scanning probe processing was specifically realized on 10 nm chromium and 50 nm gold thin film stacks deposited on a (1 × 1) cm2 fused silica substrate. Localized material deposition and metal removal was studied in various atmospheres comprising high vacuum, nitrogen, ambient air, naphthalene and carbon-dioxide. Stable and reliable regimes were in particular obtained in a carbonaceous atmosphere. Hence, localized carbon deposits were obtained but also localized metal removal was realized. We demonstrate furthermore that the selected electron emission parameters (20 V - 80 V, 180 pA) and the overall operation environment are crucial aspects that determine the degree of material deposition and removal. Based on our findings, direct tip-based micro- to nanoscale material patterning appears possible. The applied energy regime is also enabling new insights into low energy (< 100 eV) electron interaction. However, the underlying mechanisms must be further elucidated.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mne.2022.100146
Simulation verschiedener Hull-Zellen-Geometrien, Teil 2 - Erweiterung der Simulationsmodelle mittels 3D. - In: Galvanotechnik, ISSN 0016-4232, Bd. 113 (2022), 5, S. 575-585
Reverse numerical simulation of kinetic parameters from acidic copper Hull cell deposition. - In: Journal of the Electrochemical Society, ISSN 1945-7111, Bd. 169 (2022), 5, 052501
Hull cell depositions are industrially used to monitor electrolytes and study the influence of additives. By combining the Hull cell deposition and a numerical simulation based on the boundary element method via a curve-fitting approach allows to obtain kinetic parameters (e.g. transfer coefficient, exchange current density) and assessing the effects of additives without losing the visual information and the opportunity to get the structural and physical properties of the metal deposition (reverse determination). In an acidic copper electrolyte, an additive based on polyethylene glycol decreases the effective exchange current density, by up to two orders of magnitude, while the transfer coefficient is hardly influenced. By adding another additive based on bis-(3-sulfopropyl)disulphide, the effect is counteracted and increases in dependence on the ratio of both additives. The combined approach enables obtaining more information about visual and structural effects and the deposition kinetics from one experimental analysis.
https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ac694c
Size dependent properties of reactive materials. - In: Inorganics, ISSN 2304-6740, Bd. 10 (2022), 4, 56, S. 1-19
The nature of the self-sustained reaction of reactive materials is dependent on the physical, thermal, and mechanical properties of the reacting materials. These properties behave differently at the nano scale. Low-dimensional nanomaterials have various unusual size dependent transport properties. In this review, we summarize the theoretical and experimental reports on the size effect on melting temperature, heat capacity, reaction enthalpy, and surface energy of the materials at nano scale because nanomaterials possess a significant change in large specific surface area and surface effect than the bulk materials. According to the theoretical analysis of size dependent thermodynamic properties, such as melting temperature, cohesive energy, thermal conductivity and specific heat capacity of metallic nanoparticles and ultra-thin layers varies linearly with the reciprocal of the critical dimension. The result of this scaling relation on the material properties can affect the self-sustained reaction behavior in reactive materials. Resultant, powder compacts show lower reaction propagation velocities than bilayer system, if the particle size of the reactants and the void density is decreased an increase of the reaction propagation velocity due to an enhanced heat transfer in reactive materials can be achieved. Standard theories describing the properties of reactive material systems do not include size effects.
https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics10040056
Metal oxide semiconducting nanomaterials for air quality gas sensors: operating principles, performance, and synthesis techniques. - In: Microchimica acta, ISSN 1436-5073, Bd. 189 (2022), 5, 196, S. 1-22
To meet requirements in air quality monitoring, sensors are required that can measure the concentration of gaseous pollutants at concentrations down to the ppb and ppt levels, while at the same time they exhibiting high sensitivity, selectivity, and short response/recovery times. Among the different sensor types, those employing metal oxide semiconductors (MOSs) offer great promises as they can be manufactured in easy/inexpensive ways, and designed to measure the concentration of a wide range of target gases. MOS sensors rely on the adsorption of target gas molecules on the surface of the sensing material and the consequent capturing of electrons from the conduction band that in turn affects their conductivity. Despite their simplicity and ease of manufacturing, MOS gas sensors are restricted by high limits of detection (LOD; which are typically in the ppm range) as well as poor sensitivity and selectivity. LOD and sensitivity can in principle be addressed by nanostructuring the MOSs, thereby increasing their porosity and surface-to-volume ratio, whereas selectivity can be tailored through their chemical composition. In this paper we provide a critical review of the available techniques for nanostructuring MOSs using chemiresistive materials, and discuss how these can be used to attribute desired properties to the end gas sensors. We start by describing the operating principles of chemiresistive sensors, and key material properties that define their performance. The main part of the paper focuses on the available methods for synthesizing nanostructured MOSs for use in gas sensors. We close by addressing the current needs and provide perspectives for improving sensor performance in ways that can fulfill requirements for air quality monitoring.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00604-022-05254-0
Volume and thickness change of NMC811|SiOx-graphite large-format lithium-ion cells: from pouch cell to active material level. - In: Journal of power sources, ISSN 1873-2755, Bd. 537 (2022), 231443
In this study, the reversible thickness change of a large-format lithium-ion automotive pouch cell is investigated under precisely monitored cell pressure and temperature using an in-house built actively controlled pneumatic cell press. The quantitative and qualitative contribution of the state-of-the-art NMC811 cathode and the SiOx-graphite composite anode to the total pouch cell expansion is resolved by electrochemical dilatometry and validated. Results show that Ni-rich cathodes have a significant impact on the pouch cell expansion and exhibit highly nonlinear thickness change which is related to the change of the individual lattice parameters of the crystal structure. To resolve the contribution of both anode active materials to the total anode expansion, the capacities of SiOx and graphite are determined by differential voltage analysis and validated with half-cell measurements. Then, the volume expansion of SiOx and graphite as a function of the anode state of charge is calculated. By introducing fitting parameters and applying theories about the interaction of SiOx with the surrounding morphology the correlation between the volume expansion of the active materials and the thickness change of the SiOx-Gr composite anode is investigated. The findings suggest that there is significant nonlinear reduction of pore volume at low state of charge.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2022.231443
Lichtschichtfluoreszenzmikroskopische Untersuchung von Silikatmaterialien :
Light-sheet fluorescence microscopic probing of silicate materials. - In: Technisches Messen, ISSN 2196-7113, Bd. 89 (2022), 6, S. 447-454
Light-sheet fluorescence microscopy (LSFM) is a powerful method for 3D characterization of fluorescent samples. In this contribution we introduce the technique for the application in material analytics by demonstrating the 3D imaging of Ce 3+ -doped YAG (Y 3 Al 5 O 12 ) crystals isolated in a glass matrix. When excited with short wavelength laser radiation, the Ce 3+ doping enables fluorescence in the wavelength range between about 450 nm and 680 nm. Since the excitation wavelengths of Ce 3+ in the YAG and glass phases of the glass ceramic differ substantially, a suitable laser wavelength can be used to excite only the YAG phase. Thus, an imaging contrast to the surrounding glass matrix is generated. We exploit the crystal dendrites for monitoring the image contrast and improve it by a deconvolution operation of the images. This field of application of LSFM offers great potential, e. g. for fundamental understanding of the microstructuring processes in silicate glasses.
https://doi.org/10.1515/teme-2021-0141
Reversible sodiation of electrochemically deposited binder- and conducting additive-free Si-O-C composite layers. - In: Energy technology, ISSN 2194-4296, Bd. 10 (2022), 5, 2101164, S. 1-9
Binder- and conducting additive-free Si-O-C composite layers are deposited electrochemically under potentiostatic conditions from sulfolane-based organic electrolyte. Quartz crystal microbalance with damping monitoring is used for evaluation of the layer growth and its physical properties. The sodiation-desodiation performance of the material is afterward explored in Na-ion electrolyte. In terms of specific capacity, rate capability, and long-term electrochemical stability, the experiments confirm the advantages of applying the electrochemically formed Si-O-C structure as anode for Na-ion batteries. The material displays high (722 mAh g^-1) initial reversible capacity at j = 70 mA g^-1 and preserves stable long-term capacity of 540 mAh g^-1 for at least 400 galvanostatic cycles, measured at j = 150 mA g^-1. The observed high performance can be attributed to its improved mechanical stability and accelerated Na-ion transport in the porous anode structure. The origin of the material electroactivity is revealed based on X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopic analysis of pristine (as deposited), sodiated, and desodiated Si-O-C layers. The evaluation of the spectroscopic data indicates reversible activity of the material due to the complex contribution of carbon and silicon redox centers.
https://doi.org/10.1002/ente.202101164